Demographia

USA Local Government Spending per Capita:
1950-2000

2000$ Average Household Income $23,750 $29,659 $41,078 $41,694 $48,529 $57,135
% Change   24.9% 38.5% 1.5% 16.4% 17.7%
             
2000$ Median Household Income     $37,789 $37,010 $39,451 $41,950
% Change       -2.1% 6.6% 6.3%
             
LOCAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES            
Total $2,796 $4,303 $6,314 $6,747 $8,328 $9,445
Education $955 $1,650 $2,527 $2,534 $3,047 $3,634
Local Streets & Highways $286 $370 $367 $327 $352 $373
Sanitation (Wastewater & Solid Waste) $137 $190 $233 $333 $386 $397
Water $139 $207 $219 $236 $315 $336
Transit $94 $83 $120 $171 $204 $302
All Other Local Expenditures $1,185 $1,803 $2,848 $3,144 $4,024 $4,403
             
Exhibit: Operations & Other $2,171 $3,367 $5,198 $5,723 $7,217 $8,110
Exhibit: Capital $625 $936 $1,116 $1,024 $1,111 $1,335
% of Total 22.4% 21.8% 17.7% 15.2% 13.3% 14.1%
Exhibit: Construction $525 $754 $892 $822 $778 $967
% of Total 18.8% 17.5% 14.1% 12.2% 9.3% 10.2%
             
LOCAL GOVERNMENT REVENUES            
Total $2,641 $4,112 $6,079 $6,683 $8,314 $9,612
Taxes $1,310 $1,992 $2,650 $2,235 $2,882 $3,154
Utility Charges $312 $413 $469 $556 $751 $769
Other Charges $263 $532 $857 $1,129 $1,726 $1,956
Employee Retirement Income $30 $60 $89 $113 $221 $415
Revenue from State Govt. $692 $1,049 $1,837 $2,103 $2,469 $3,006
Revenue from Federal Govt. $35 $65 $178 $547 $264 $311
             
Combined Taxation & State & Federal Aid $2,036 $3,107 $4,665 $4,885 $5,615 $6,471
             
LOCAL GOVERNMENT DEBT $3,089 $5,665 $6,931 $5,527 $7,771 $8,570
             
Inflation Adjusted Change 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
             
LOCAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES            
Total 237.8% 53.9% 46.7% 6.9% 23.4% 13.4%
Education 280.6% 72.9% 53.1% 0.3% 20.2% 19.2%
Local Streets & Highways 30.5% 29.2% -0.7% -10.9% 7.7% 6.0%
Sanitation (Wastewater & Solid Waste) 190.1% 39.1% 22.4% 43.2% 15.7% 2.9%
Water 141.2% 48.8% 5.7% 7.9% 33.2% 6.7%
Transit 223.2% -11.6% 44.8% 43.1% 19.5% 47.8%
All Other Local Expenditures 271.5% 52.1% 58.0% 10.4% 28.0% 9.4%
             
Exhibit: Operations & Other 273.6% 55.1% 54.4% 10.1% 26.1% 12.4%
Exhibit: Capital 113.6% 49.8% 19.2% -8.3% 8.5% 20.2%
Exhibit: Construction 84.1% 43.5% 18.3% -7.9% -5.3% 24.3%
             
LOCAL GOVERNMENT REVENUES            
Total 263.9% 55.7% 47.8% 9.9% 24.4% 15.6%
Taxes 140.8% 52.1% 33.0% -15.7% 29.0% 9.4%
Utility Charges 146.5% 32.4% 13.4% 18.7% 35.1% 2.4%
Other Charges 644.1% 102.5% 61.0% 31.7% 52.9% 13.3%
Employee Retirement Income 1268.9% 99.3% 46.5% 27.1% 96.4% 87.8%
Revenue from State Govt. 334.5% 51.7% 75.1% 14.5% 17.4% 21.8%
Revenue from Federal Govt. 799.3% 88.4% 172.5% 207.6% -51.7% 17.8%
             
Combined Taxation & State & Federal Aid 217.8% 52.6% 50.2% 4.7% 14.9% 15.3%
             
LOCAL GOVERNMENT DEBT 177.4% 83.4% 22.4% -20.3% 40.6% 10.3%
             
Share of Household Income 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
             
LOCAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES            
Total 11.8% 14.5% 15.4% 16.2% 17.2% 16.5%
Education 4.0% 5.6% 6.2% 6.1% 6.3% 6.4%
Local Streets & Highways 1.2% 1.2% 0.9% 0.8% 0.7% 0.7%
Sanitation (Wastewater & Solid Waste) 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.8% 0.8% 0.7%
Water 0.6% 0.7% 0.5% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6%
Transit 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.4% 0.5%
All Other Local Expenditures 5.0% 6.1% 6.9% 7.5% 8.3% 7.7%
             
Exhibit: Operations & Other 9.1% 11.4% 12.7% 13.7% 14.9% 14.2%
Exhibit: Capital 2.6% 3.2% 2.7% 2.5% 2.3% 2.3%
% of Total 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Exhibit: Construction 2.2% 2.5% 2.2% 2.0% 1.6% 1.7%
% of Total 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
             
LOCAL GOVERNMENT REVENUES 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Total 11.1% 13.9% 14.8% 16.0% 17.1% 16.8%
Taxes 5.5% 6.7% 6.5% 5.4% 5.9% 5.5%
Utility Charges 1.3% 1.4% 1.1% 1.3% 1.5% 1.3%
Other Charges 1.1% 1.8% 2.1% 2.7% 3.6% 3.4%
Employee Retirement Income 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.5% 0.7%
Revenue from State Govt. 2.9% 3.5% 4.5% 5.0% 5.1% 5.3%
Revenue from Federal Govt. 0.1% 0.2% 0.4% 1.3% 0.5% 0.5%
             
Combined Taxation & State & Federal Aid 8.6% 10.5% 11.4% 11.7% 11.6% 11.3%
             
LOCAL GOVERNMENT DEBT 13.0% 19.1% 16.9% 13.3% 16.0% 15.0%
             
Ratio: Govt. Change: Income Change 1950-2000 1950-1960 1960-1970 1970-1980 1980-1990 1990-2000
             
LOCAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES            
Total 1.40 1.23 1.06 1.05 1.06 0.96
Education 1.58 1.38 1.11 0.99 1.03 1.01
Local Streets & Highways 0.54 1.03 0.72 0.88 0.93 0.90
Sanitation (Wastewater & Solid Waste) 1.21 1.11 0.88 1.41 0.99 0.87
Water 1.00 1.19 0.76 1.06 1.14 0.91
Transit 1.34 0.71 1.05 1.41 1.03 1.26
All Other Local Expenditures 1.54 1.22 1.14 1.09 1.10 0.93
             
Exhibit: Operations & Other 1.55 1.24 1.11 1.08 1.08 0.95
Exhibit: Capital 0.89 1.20 0.86 0.90 0.93 1.02
Exhibit: Construction 0.77 1.15 0.85 0.91 0.81 1.06
             
LOCAL GOVERNMENT REVENUES            
Total 1.51 1.25 1.07 1.08 1.07 0.98
Taxes 1.00 1.22 0.96 0.83 1.11 0.93
Utility Charges 1.02 1.06 0.82 1.17 1.16 0.87
Other Charges 3.09 1.62 1.16 1.30 1.31 0.96
Employee Retirement Income 5.69 1.60 1.06 1.25 1.69 1.59
Revenue from State Govt. 1.81 1.21 1.26 1.13 1.01 1.03
Revenue from Federal Govt. 3.74 1.51 1.97 3.03 0.42 1.00
             
Combined Taxation & State & Federal Aid 1.32 1.22 1.08 1.03 0.99 0.98
             
LOCAL GOVERNMENT DEBT 1.15 1.47 0.88 0.79 1.21 0.94
             
SHARE OF EXPENDITURES 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Operations and Other 77.6% 78.2% 82.3% 84.8% 86.7% 85.9%
Capital 22.4% 21.8% 17.7% 15.2% 13.3% 14.1%
             
INDICATORS 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Public School Enrollment (000) 25,111 35,182 45,550 41,651 40,543 46,857
Enrollment/Household 0.901 0.958 0.984 0.701 0.588 0.564
Paved Urban Roadway Miles 185,196 311,387 490,341 582,642 704,539 819,572
Roadway Miles/1,000 Urban Households 6.64 8.48 10.60 9.81 10.22 9.86
             
             
CHANGE IN INDICATORS 1950-2000 1950-1960 1960-1970 1970-1980 1980-1990 1990-2000
Enrollment (000) 21,746 10,071 10,368 (3,899) (1,108) 6,314
% Change 86.6% 40.1% 29.5% -8.6% -2.7% 15.6%
Enrollment/Household -37.4% 6.4% 2.7% -28.8% -16.2% -4.1%
Roadway 342.5% 68.1% 57.5% 18.8% 20.9% 16.3%
Roadway Miles/1,000 Urban Households 48.4% 27.6% 25.0% -7.4% 4.1% -3.5%
             
RANKING BY DECADE            
LOCAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES   1950-1960 1960-1970 1970-1980 1980-1990 1990-2000
Total   1 3 4 2 5
Education   1 2 5 3 4
Local Streets & Highways   1 5 4 2 3
Sanitation (Wastewater & Solid Waste)   2 4 1 3 5
Water   1 5 3 2 4
Transit   5 3 1 4 2
All Other Local Expenditures   1 2 4 3 5
             
Exhibit: Capital   1 5 4 3 2
Exhibit: Construction   1 4 3 5 2
             
LOCAL GOVERNMENT REVENUES            
Total   1 4 2 3 5
Taxes   1 3 5 2 4
Utility Charges   3 5 1 2 4
Other Charges   1 4 3 2 5
Employee Retirement Income   2 5 4 1 3
Revenue from State Govt.   2 1 3 5 4
Revenue from Federal Govt.   3 2 1 5 4
             
LOCAL GOVERNMENT DEBT   1 4 5 2 3

Demographia is Affiliated with The Public Purpose, A Top National Journal Internet Site
Demographia is "pro-choice" with respect to urban development.
People should have the freedom to live and work where and how they like.

DEMOGRAPHIA and THE PUBLIC PURPOSE
are undertakings of
WENDELL COX CONSULTANCY
P. O. Box 841 - Belleville, IL 62222 USA
Telephone: +1.618.632.8507 - Facsimile: +1.775.521.8564
Send E-Mail

DEMOGRAPHIC
BRIEFS
URBAN TOURS BY
RENTAL CAR
NEW & REVISED
ITEMS
BOOK
STORE
SUBSCRIBE
(FREE)
(c) 2003 www.demographia.com --- Wendell Cox Consultancy --- Permission granted to use with attribution.