|
Nation |
Urban Area |
Estimated House Price Multiple |
Strong Urban Consolidation ("Smart Growth") Policies |
|
|
|
|
|
|
SEVERELY UNAFFORDABLE MARKETS |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
USA |
Los Angeles. Orange County |
10.2 |
YES |
|
USA |
Los Angeles: Los Angeles |
10.1 |
YES |
|
USA |
San Diego |
10.0 |
YES |
|
Australia |
Sydney |
8.8 |
YES |
|
USA |
Honolulu |
8.1 |
|
|
USA |
San Francisco |
7.9 |
YES |
|
USA |
Miami: Miami |
7.3 |
YES |
|
USA |
New York |
7.1 |
|
|
Australia |
Melbourne |
6.9 |
YES |
|
USA |
Miami: Fort Lauderdale |
6.3 |
YES |
|
USA |
Los Angeles; Riverside-San Bernardino |
6.2 |
YES |
|
Australia |
Adelaide |
6.2 |
YES |
|
Australia |
Hobart |
6.2 |
YES |
|
USA |
Miami: West Palm Beach |
6.1 |
YES |
|
Australia |
Brisbane |
6.0 |
YES |
|
New Zealand |
Auckland |
5.9 |
YES |
|
USA |
Las Vegas |
5.8 |
NOTE |
|
USA |
Sacramento |
5.6 |
YES |
|
USA |
Sarasota |
5.6 |
|
|
Australia |
Canberra |
5.6 |
YES |
|
Australia |
Perth |
5.4 |
YES |
|
USA |
Washington |
5.3 |
YES |
|
Canada |
Vancouver |
5.3 |
YES |
|
New Zealand |
Christchurch |
5.3 |
YES |
|
USA |
Boston |
5.3 |
NOTE |
|
USA |
Providence |
5.2 |
NOTE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
SERIOUSLY UNAFFORDABLE MARKETS |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
USA |
Seattle |
4.9 |
YES |
|
USA |
Chicago |
4.7 |
|
|
USA |
Baltimore |
4.4 |
|
|
USA |
Tucson |
4.2 |
|
|
New Zealand |
Wellington |
4.1 |
YES |
|
|
|
|
|
|
UNAFFORDABLE MARKETS |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Australia |
Darwin |
4.0 |
YES |
|
USA |
Denver |
4.0 |
YES |
|
USA |
Milwaukee |
3.9 |
|
|
Canada |
Toronto |
3.9 |
NOTE |
|
USA |
Tampa-St. Petersburg |
3.9 |
|
|
USA |
Orlando |
3.7 |
|
|
USA |
Charleston, SC |
3.7 |
|
|
USA |
Hartford |
3.5 |
|
|
USA |
Portland (Oregon) |
3.5 |
YES |
|
USA |
Virginia Beach |
3.4 |
|
|
USA |
Minneapolis-St. Paul |
3.4 |
YES |
|
USA |
Richmond |
3.3 |
|
|
USA |
Philadelphia |
3.3 |
|
|
USA |
Birmingham |
3.3 |
|
|
USA |
Phoenix |
3.2 |
|
|
USA |
Raleigh-Durham |
3.2 |
|
|
USA |
New Orleans |
3.2 |
|
|
USA |
Knoxville |
3.2 |
|
|
USA |
Jacksonville |
3.2 |
|
|
USA |
Albuquerque |
3.2 |
|
|
USA |
Springfield, MA |
3.1 |
|
|
USA |
Colorado Springs |
3.1 |
|
|
USA |
Memphis |
3.1 |
|
|
Canada |
Montreal |
3.1 |
|
|
USA |
Mobile |
3.1 |
|
|
USA |
Greensboro |
3.1 |
|
|
USA |
Albany |
3.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
AFFORDABLE MARKETS |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Canada |
Calgary |
3.0 |
|
|
USA |
Nashville |
3.0 |
|
|
USA |
Greenville |
2.9 |
|
|
Canada |
Ottawa |
2.9 |
|
|
USA |
Columbus |
2.8 |
|
|
USA |
Baton Rouge |
2.8 |
|
|
USA |
El Paso |
2.8 |
|
|
USA |
Houston |
2.7 |
|
|
USA |
Salt Lake City |
2.7 |
|
|
USA |
Louisville |
2.7 |
|
|
USA |
Austin |
2.7 |
|
|
USA |
Atlanta |
2.6 |
|
|
USA |
Oklahoma City |
2.6 |
|
|
USA |
Kansas City |
2.6 |
|
|
USA |
San Antonio |
2.6 |
|
|
USA |
Dayton |
2.6 |
|
|
USA |
Dallas |
2.6 |
|
|
USA |
Toledo |
2.6 |
|
|
USA |
Omaha |
2.5 |
|
|
USA |
Pittsburgh |
2.4 |
|
|
USA |
Tulsa |
2.4 |
|
|
USA |
Indianapolis |
2.4 |
|
|
USA |
Columbia |
2.4 |
|
|
USA |
Little Rock |
2.4 |
|
|
USA |
St. Louis |
2.4 |
|
|
USA |
Wichita |
2.2 |
|
|
USA |
Rochester |
2.2 |
|
|
USA |
Buffalo |
2.1 |
|
|
USA |
Syracuse |
2.1 |
|
|
USA |
Fort Wayne |
2.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes |
|
|
|
|
Sources: See Source Notes |
|
|
|
Urban Consolidation (Smart Growth) Policies: Likely to result in land shortages and less affordable housing. |
|
Boston: Probable cause of land scarcity: Large lot zoning |
|
|
|
Las Vegas: Land scarcity caused by scarcity of private land (US Bureau of Land Management ownership) |
|
Minneapolis-St. Paul: Easing urban consolidation (smart growth) policies. |
|
Portland: Easing urban consolidation (smart growth) policies. |
|
|
Providence: Probable cause of land scarcity: Large lot zoning. |
|
|
Toronto: Urban consolidation policies to be implemented |
|
|
|
Washington: Land scarcity appears related to land rationing policies adopted in suburban Maryland and Virginia suburbs |
